Topographic Mapping

Topographic mapping is the process of representing the Earth's surface on a map, showing both natural and man-made features together with their elevations and contours. It provides essential data for engineering, planning, and environmental studies.

Purpose of Topographic Surveying

To collect data necessary for the preparation of a topographic map — including ground elevations, landforms, streams, roads, and built structures.

Contour Lines

Imaginary lines joining points of equal elevation on the ground.
The contour interval is the vertical distance between adjacent contour lines.
Closely spaced contours represent steep slopes, while widely spaced contours indicate gentle slopes.
Depressions are shown with hachured (inward-pointing) contour lines.
Contour lines never intersect, except in special cases such as cliffs or overhangs.

Determining Elevations and Flow Directions

Elevation of any point is found by counting contour intervals from a known reference or benchmark.
Streams and rivers flow downhill, opposite the direction that contour lines point (“V” points upstream).
Profiles can be drawn along a line to show the vertical cross-section of the terrain.

Practical Application

Topographic maps help engineers determine suitable locations for roads, drainage systems, and structures. Understanding contour behavior ensures proper design and avoidance of slope instability and flooding risks.

Key Terms

Contour line – connects points of equal elevation.
Contour interval – elevation difference between successive contours.
Hachure – short line indicating a depression.
Benchmark – fixed reference point of known elevation.

Typical contour interval used in engineering maps: 10 m