Topographic mapping is the process of representing the Earth's surface on a map,
showing both natural and man-made features together with
their elevations and contours. It provides essential data for
engineering, planning, and environmental studies.
Purpose of Topographic Surveying
To collect data necessary for the preparation of a topographic map — including
ground elevations, landforms, streams, roads, and built structures.
Contour Lines
Imaginary lines joining points of equal elevation on the ground.
The contour interval is the vertical distance between adjacent contour lines.
Depressions are shown with hachured (inward-pointing) contour lines.
Contour lines never intersect, except in special cases such as cliffs or overhangs.
Determining Elevations and Flow Directions
Elevation of any point is found by counting contour intervals from a known reference or benchmark.
Streams and rivers flow downhill, opposite the direction that contour lines point (“V” points upstream).
Profiles can be drawn along a line to show the vertical cross-section of the terrain.
Practical Application
Topographic maps help engineers determine suitable locations for roads, drainage
systems, and structures. Understanding contour behavior ensures proper design and
avoidance of slope instability and flooding risks.
Key Terms
Contour line → connects points of equal elevation. Contour interval → elevation difference between successive contours. Hachure → short line indicating a depression. Benchmark → fixed reference point of known elevation.
Typical contour interval used in engineering maps: 10 m
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Exam Generator Problems
Additional board-style practice items for this topic.
A 640 sq.m lot is 25.6 cm2 on a map. Find the map scale x where the ratio is 1:x.
500
250
1000
750
Convert the actual area to square centimeters: $640\text{ m}^2 = 6,400,000\text{ cm}^2$ For an area scale, $x^2 = \frac{\text{actual area}}{\text{map area}}$. $x^2 = \frac{6,400,000}{25.6} = 250,000$ $x = \sqrt{250,000}$ $\boxed{x = 500}$
Question Bank: t1119
MSTE - Surveying / Measurements and Areas / Gemini mapped Chapter 7 to 10
Lines of levels are run from station A to station B over three different routes. The route length and difference in elevation between A and B are given in the following table [Route 1: 6.2 km, 425.34m; Route 2: 5.8 km, 424.12m; Route 3: 3.8 km, 426.45m]. Determine the most probable value of the elevation of station B if station A is at elevation 187.235 m.
613.685
612.386
613.125
612.712
Solution pending in psadquestions/t1119.json.
Question Bank: t1306
MSTE - Highway Engineering / Curves, Earthworks, and Traffic Engineering / Gemini mapped Chapter 7 to 10
The flow of traffic along North Reclamation is 1800 vehicles per hour with a space mean speed of 90 kph. The highest 5-minute volume is 214 vehicles.
Determine the traffic density in vehicles per km.
30
25
15
20
Determine the spacing of vehicles in meters.
50
45
55
60
Determine the peak hour factor (PHF).
0.8
0.7
0.75
0.85
Solution pending in psadquestions/t1306.json.
Question Bank: t1353
MSTE - Highway Engineering / Curves, Earthworks, and Traffic Engineering / Gemini mapped Chapter 7 to 10
Graphically represent, in a two-dimensional format on a plan or map, the shape or morphology of the terrain.
contour
elevation
altitude
topography
Solution pending in psadquestions/t1353.json.
Question Bank: w55
MSTE - Highway Engineering / Curves, Earthworks, and Traffic Engineering / MSTE May 2019
A device mounted on a fixed support (permanent signs) or portable support (temporary signs) whereby a specific message is conveyed by means of words or symbols placed or erected for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.
Special instruction signs
Roadwork signs
Traffic signs
Overhead signs
This is the definition of traffic signs—devices that convey a specific message by words or symbols to regulate, warn, or guide traffic. (Roadwork signs warn of temporary hazards; special instruction signs instruct road users to meet certain requirements.) $\boxed{\text{Traffic signs}}$